I don't think there is any way you can tell for sure, but I think most hardback books came with a dust jacket....Do you have a certain book in mind?

One way to tell might be to look for surviving copies of a certain book on this sight:

www.abebooks.com

You can do specific searches on this sight for books that still have the dust jacket or you can search by the highest $$$ amount wanted for a book - usually those books are in the best condition and still have the DJ.